In the developing world, Brazil, Chile, China, India, the Philippines, South Korea, South Africa and Thailand have shown their commitment to nanotechnology by establishing government-funded programmes and research institutes. Researchers at the University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics have classified these countries as ‘front-runners’ (China, South Korea, India) and ‘middle ground’ players (Thailand, Philippines, South Africa, Brazil, Chile). In addition, Argentina and Mexico are ‘up and comers’: although they have research groups studying nanotechnology, their governments have not yet organized dedicated funding.